Promotion of Urban Resilience with Citizens’ Local Participation Approach Case Study: Bonab City
Abstract
Nowadays, many hazards threaten urban life seriously. Urban resilience is very significant to encounter these risks. Urban resilience development has some basic prerequisites such as broad participation of citizens. The purpose of this paper is to review the role of citizens’ participation in urban resilience improvement. This is an applied descriptive- analytic reaearch. Also the type of research is correlational - causal. Subjects are the residents living in 13 of urban districts of Bonab in Iran. Using Simple random sampling method and Cochran formula the sample size obtained 400. As well as, Pearson correlation test and stepwise multivariate regression test accomplished. Face validity of the questionnaire was conformed by university professors. By making use of Cronbach’s alpha special formula the reliability of research questionnaire obtained 0.901 for participation questionnaire and 0.896 for urban resiliency questionnaire. the results of Pearson’s test show that majority of participation variables are correlated with variables of urban resiliency. Also, results of multivariate regression illustrated that physical participation instrumentation variable is more powerful to explain variations of urban resiliency and educational-promotional, political-administrative and intellectual-financial variables respectively are the remaining vriables. These five variables are capable to explain 0.87 percent of urban resiliency variations. Finally, practical suggestions on urban resiliency improvement through citizens’ participation invitation are provided.
References
Abbott, J. 2013. Sharing the city: community participation in urban management, Routledge.
ADPC. 2004. CBDRM Field Practitioners’ Handbook, Asian Disaster .Preparednes.
Ahern, J. 2011. "From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning. 100(4): 341-343.
Ahern, J. 2013. "Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design." Landscape Ecology. 28(6): 1203-1212.
Arnesterins. 2006. ladder of citizen participation, journal of planning association.
Ayyub, B. M. 2014. "Systems resilience for multihazard environments: Definition, metrics, and valuation for decision making." Risk analysis. 34(2): 340-355.
Bahadur, A. and T. Tanner. 2014. "Transformational resilience thinking: putting people, power and politics at the heart of urban climate resilience." Environment and Urbanization 26(1): 200-214.
Beatley, T. 2012. Green urbanism: Learning from European cities, Island Press.
Berke, P. R., T. J. Campanella. 2006. "Planning for postdisaster resiliency." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 604(1): 192-207.
Bonanno, G. A., et al. 2004. "Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood." Psychology and aging. 19(2): 260-271.
Bonanno, G. A., et al. 2006. "Psychological resilience after disaster New York city in the aftermath of the September 11th Terrorist Attack." Psychological Science. 17(3): 181-186.
Breuste, J., et al. 2013. Urban ecology, Springer Science & Business Media.
Brody, S. D. et al. 2003. "Mandating citizen participation in plan making: Six strategic planning choices." Journal of the American Planning Association. 69(3): 245-264.
Bruneau, M., S. E. Chang, R. T. Eguchi, G. C. Lee, T. D. O’Rourke, A. M. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, K. T. Tierney, W. A. Wallace and D. von Winterfeldt. 2003. A framework to quantitatively assess ,and enhance the seismic resilience of communities, Earthquake Spectra: 19(4): 733-752.
Camfield, L. 2012. "Resilience and well-being among urban Ethiopian children: What role do social resources and competencies play?" Social indicators research. 107(3): 393-410.
CED. 2000. The Community Resilience Manual: A Resource for Rural Recovery and Renewal, ISBN: 1-895818-40-0, The Center for .Community Enterprise, British Columbia, Canada.
Coaffee, J. 2013. "Rescaling and Responsibilising the Politics of Urban Resilience: From National Security to Local Place‐Making." Politics. 33(4): 240-252.
Coaffee, J., et al. 2009. "The everyday resilience of the city." Human Security and Resilience.
Collier, M. J., Nedović-Budić, Z., Aerts, J., Connop, S., Foley, D., Foley, K., . . . Verburg, P. 2013. Transitioning to resilience and sustainability in urban communities. Cities, 32, S21-S28.
CSIRO Australia, Arizona State University, Stockholm University. 2007. A Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transitioning Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures,
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E .Webb, J. 2008b. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters, Global Environmental Change. 18: 598-606.
Cutter, Susan L., Lindsey Barnes, Melissa Berry, Christopher Burton Elijah Evans, Eric Tate, and Jennifer Webb. 2008a. Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency .Management, CARRI Research Report1.
Eizenberg, E. 2012. "The changing meaning of community space: Two models of NGO management of community gardens in New York City. International journal of urban and regional research. 36(1): 106-120.
Emergency Management Australia (EMA). 2001. Assessing resiliency and vulnerability: principles, strategies and actions, Philip Buckle .Graham Marsh and Sydney Smale.
Ernstson, H. et al. 2010. "Urban transitions: on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems." Ambio. 39(8): 531-545.
Evans, A. M. and A. Campos. 2013. "Open government initiatives: Challenges of citizen participation." Journal of policy analysis and management. 32(1): 172-185.
Fleischhauer, M. 2008. "The role of spatial planning in strengthening urban resilience." Resilience of Cities to Terrorist and other Threats. Springer Science+ Business Media BV: 273-298.
Foster, H.D. 1997. The Ozymandias principles: Thirty-one strategies .for surviving change, UBC Press, Victoria, Canada.
Garcia, M. 2006. "Citizenship practices and urban governance in European cities." Urban Studies. 43(4): 745-765.
Godschalk, D. R. 2003. "Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities." Natural hazards review. 4(3): 136-143.
Godschalk, David R. 2003. Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities, Natural Hazards Review. 4(3): 136-143.
Hartz-Karp, J. and H.-P. Meister. 2011. Creating resilient cities through empowered, deliberative participation. Resilient Cities, Springer: 177-185.
Henestra, D., Kovacs, P., McBean, G. and Sweeting, R. 2004. Background Paper on Disaster Resilient Cities, Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
Hollnagel, E., et al. 2007. Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Jabareen, Y. 2013. "Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk." Cities. 31: 220-229.
Jha, A. K., et al. 2013. Building urban resilience: principles, tools, and practice, World Bank Publications.
John, P. 2009. "Can citizen governance redress the representative bias of political participation?" Public administration review. 69(3): 494-503.
Kaplan, H. B. 2005. Understanding the concept of resilience. Handbook of resilience in children, Springer. 39-47.
Keck, M. and P. Sakdapolrak. 2013. "What is social resilience? Lessons learned and ways forward." Erdkunde. 5-19.
Klein, R. J., et al. 2003. "Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?" Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards. 5(1): 35-45.
Kohlhase, J. E. 2013. "The new urban world 2050: perspectives, prospects and problems." Regional Science Policy & Practice. 5(2): 153-165.
Larson, K. L. and D. Lach. 2008. "Participants and non-participants of place-based groups: An assessment of attitudes and implications for public participation in water resource management." Journal of environmental management. 88(4): 817-830.
Lehmann, S. and R. Crocker. 2013. "The consumption dilemma: From behaviour change to zero waste." Motivating Change: Sustainable Design and Behaviour in the Built Environment: 419.
Leichenko, R. 2011. "Climate change and urban resilience." Current opinion in environmental sustainability. 3(3): 164-168.
Lightsey, O. R. 2006. "Resilience, meaning, and well-being." The Counseling Psychologist. 34(1): 96-107.
Longstaff, P. H., Armstrong, N. J., Perrin, K., Parker, W. M., Hidek M. A. 2010. Building resilient communities: a preliminary framework .for assessment, Homeland security affairs. (6)3.
Mannarini, T., et al. 2010. "Public involvement: How to encourage citizen participation." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 20(4): 262-274
Manyena, S. B. 2006. "The concept of resilience revisited." Disasters. 30(4): 434-450.
Mayunga, Joseph S. 2007. Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-base approach, A draft working .paper prepared for the summer academy for social vulnerability are resilience building, Munich, Germany.
McEntire, D. A., et al. 2002. "A comparison of disaster paradigms: The search for a holistic policy guide." Public administration review. 62(3): 267-281.
Miao, P. 2011. "Brave new city: three problems in Chinese urban public space since the 1980s." Journal of Urban Design. 16(02): 179-207.
Moradi, A. S., et al. 2011. "Microseismicity and seismotectonics of the North Tabriz fault (Iran)." Tectonophysics. 506(1): 22-30.
Müller, B. 2011. Urban and regional resilience–A new catchword or a consistent concept for research and practice? German Annual of Spatial Research and Policy 2010, Springer: 1-13.
NOAA, Coastal Services Center. 2007. Summary of the NOAA Three .community Resilience Salons, Washington D.C.: NOAA, Coastal Services Center.
Normandin J.-M, Therrien M.-C, Tanguay G.A. 2011. City strength .in times of turbulence: strategic resilience indicators, Urban Affairs Association 41st Conference, New Orleans.
Norris, F. H., et al. 2008. "Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness." American journal of community psychology. 41(1-2): 127-150.
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., Pfefferbaum, R. L. 2008. Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness, Am J Community .Psychol. 41: 127-150.
Olshansky, R. B., and J. D. Kartez. 1998. Managing land use to build resilience, In Cooperating with nature: confronting natural hazards with .land use planning for sustainable communities, edited by R. J. Burby .Washington, D.C., Joseph H.
Pierce, J., et al. 2011. "Resilience and sustainability in US urban areas." Environmental Politics. 20(4): 566-584.
Portney, K. E. and J. M. Berry. 2010. "Participation and the pursuit of sustainability in US cities." Urban Affairs Review. 46(1): 119-139.
Richardson, G. E. 2002. "The metatheory of resilience and resiliency." Journal of clinical psychology. 58(3): 307-321.
Robbins, M. D., et al. 2008. "Citizens and resource allocation: Improving decision making with interactive web‐based citizen participation." Public administration review. 68(3): 564-575.
Robert, B. and C. Lajtha. 2002. "A new approach to crisis management." Journal of contingencies and crisis management. 10(4): 181-191.
Rutter, M. 2000. "Resilience reconsidered: conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications."
Serre, D., et al. 2012. Resilience and urban risk management, CRC Press.
Smokowski, P. R., et al. 2000. "Resilience and protective factors in adolescence: An autobiographical perspective from disadvantaged youth." Journal of school psychology. 37(4): 425-448.
Stevens, M. R., et al. 2010. "Creating disaster-resilient communities: Evaluating the promise and performance of new urbanism." Landscape and Urban Planning. 94(2): 105-115.
Stumpp, E.-M. 2013. "New in town? On resilience and “Resilient Cities”." Cities 32: 164-166.
Tanner, T., et al. 2009. "Urban governance for adaptation: assessing climate change resilience in ten Asian cities." IDS Working Papers. (315): 01-47.
Tomba, L. 2009. "Of quality, harmony, and community: Civilization and the middle class in urban China." Positions. 17(3): 591-616.
Wu, J. 2013. "Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes." Landscape Ecology. 28(6): 999-1023.
Yang, K. and S. K. Pandey. 2011. "Further dissecting the black box of citizen participation: When does citizen involvement lead to good outcomes?" Public administration review. 71(6): 880-892.
