Journal of Engineering Research

Technical Investigation of the Usability for Foamed Bitumen Stabilized Materials in Asphalt Pavements

2024-02-22T09:40:47+03:00

İnşaat sektörü, yüksek enerji ve hammadde tüketimi ve olumsuz çevresel etkiler nedeniyle doğa tahribatına neden olan en önemli sektörlerden biridir.

Bu nedenlerle artan nüfus-küreselleşen dünya, yol talebini, sınırlı kaynakları, maliyeti ve çevresel etkileri (hem üretim hem de atık depolama alanları açısından) artırmıştır. Tüm bu nedenlerle yeniden yapılanma yerine kaldırım geri dönüşüm yöntemleri ile ilgili çalışmalar tüm dünyada hız kazanmıştır.

Halen bir miktar değerini koruyan eski asfalt malzemesinin yeniden yapılandırılması için en yaygın yöntemlerden biri köpük bitüm ile geri dönüşümdür.

Pratikte köpük bitüm kullanılarak üretilen soğuk karışımların hazırlanması ve değerlendirilmesi için genellikle ITS (Dolaylı Çekme Dayanımı) ve MR (Dayanıklılık Modülü) yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerden en çok malzemelerin optimum yüzdelik değerlerinin değerlendirilmesi için ITS, karışım performansının değerlendirilmesi için de MR testi kullanılmaktadır.

Deneysel çalışmada öncelikle köpük bitüm ile hazırlanan soğuk karışımlar için farklı penetrasyon dereceli bitüm, farklı tipte aktif dolgu maddesi ve farklı gradasyon tipleri yapılmış ve ITS tarafından üretim serisinin optimum köpük bitüm değerleri belirlenmiştir. Ölçek. Daha sonra bu optimum değerler için reprodüksiyonlar yapılmış ve resilient modül değerleri belirlenmiştir.

ITS ve MR değerlerinin malzeme gradasyonundan önemli ölçüde etkilendiği ve bu durumun aynı gradasyona sahip malzemeler için ters eğilim gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Aktif dolgunun cinsi karışımların ITS ve MR üzerindeki değerleri kadar etkili olmuştur. Özellikle MR sonuçları bitüm kalitesinden etkilenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda FBSM (Köpük Bitüm Stabilize Malzeme) için değerlendirme sınır değerleri ve ideal gradasyon önerileri yapılmıştır.

Design and implementation of biogas as an efficient renewable energy resource for Pakistan prospects

2024-02-22T09:40:48+03:00

The generation of combustible gas from anaerobic biomass captivation, is a well-known technology. Using the gas for direct combustion in household stoves is general producing power from biogas is still quite unusual in most emergent countries. The focus of this paper is to implement the importance of biogas as a substitute energy source. Bio-resources are available wide-reaching in the appearance of lasting agricultural biomass and wastes which can be deformed into biogas. Cow manure has been used for production of biogas and generation of electricity. The basic problem faced during the production of electricity is the production of biogas through anaerobic respiration which is the mixture of methane and other undesirable gases. The scrubber employed to remove the undesirable gases is very expensive and needs regular maintenance. A tap system at the top of the digester is used to remove moisture and a bucket filled with iron sponges is used to remove hydrogen sulphide. In the end, we are left with methane and some inert gases which have no adverse effect on combustion. This purified gas is used to produce electricity which is used to run the load. The benefit of this research is that this method is easily and commonly used by villagers without any hurdles.

Influence of Curing Temperature on Shear Strength and Compressibility of Swelling Soil Stabilized with Hydrated Lime

2024-02-22T09:40:49+03:00

The exposed cohesive soils to temperature can face physical and mechanical characteristics changes considerably. Therefore, understanding the environmental events influences on the soil geotechnical properties is essential, which is significant in the rainy and cold places such as in Sulaimani city, north of Iraq. For that reason, and due to the common role of lime on cohesive soil stabilization, application of temperature changes were performed on cohesive soil stabilized with hydrated lime. This experimental study examines the temperature changes impacts on the durability of stabilized cohesive soil using hydrated-lime. Two different temperatures; 10 Co, and 50 Co were applied on the stabilized soil with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% hydrated-lime added as a replacement on the soils dry mass. The study focused on some geotechnical properties; consistency, unconfined compression, and compressibility behaviours. Under the applied circumstances, combination of hydrated-lime with curing temperature, a decrease was noticed in the magnitudes of liquid limit and plasticity index, while plastic limit generally increased within hydrated-lime percent increase. The study yielded on an appreciable improvement of the cohesive soil’s strength and compressibility properties with time progress, especially after stabilization process is achieved.

Numerical Investigation of Liquefaction Potential in Sabkha Soil Supporting Foundation Subjected to Vibration Loading

2024-02-22T09:40:51+03:00

Liquefaction is a major concern, especially in loose soil subjected to vibrations, which may lead to severe damage to buildings and infrastructure. In this paper, the influence of vertical vibrational loading on the liquefaction potential of natural sabkha soil was numerically examined to understand the effects of different parameters, on liquefaction potential. The parameters considered in this study include vertical displacement amplitude, frequency, modified mass ratio, subsoil conditions (natural and cement-stabilized sabkha soil with 5% and 10% cement content), and thickness ratio of cement-stabilized sabkha soil. For foundation rested directly on natural sabkha soil and subjected to vibration loading, liquefaction was observed for different foundation configurations. The pore water pressure ratio beneath the foundation increased with a decrease in foundation mass. The minimum foundation mass that prevents liquefaction in the sabkha soil depends on the ratio of the machine’s velocity to the shear wave velocity of the subsoil (sabkha).

Contribution of the standard penetration test SPT to the design of pile foundations in sand

2024-02-22T09:40:51+03:00

The objective of this article is to present original research work results on the contribution of the standard penetration test (SPT) to the design and analysis of pile foundations on the basis of the interpretation of a database of full-scale pile loading tests undertaken in sandy soils, with the aim to provide practical recommendations to the designers.

The article encompasses three parts, the first one presents a detailed comparative study of 10 currently used methods of design on the basis of the SPT, assessed according to their predictive capability of the axial bearing capacity, within a database consisting of 46 axial pile loading tests carried out in 27 sites in the United Arab Emirates.

The second part presents some experimental findings related to the critical (or creep) vertical load, whereas the third part highlights the concept of reference pile settlement and its application to the limit state design of pile foundations.

The Utilization of production shingle waste in hot mix asphalt and warm mix asphalt

2024-02-22T09:40:52+03:00

Shingle is a roofing material with fiber glass carrier, covered with mineral stones in various colors and shaped in decorative patterns. Shingle material can appear as an excess usage due to defective production problems or at the end of their service life. Therefore, the evaluation of these material in different areas is important for a sustainable production process. In this study, the utilization of production shingle waste material in asphalt pavement were investigated. Mechanical properties of hot mix and warm mix asphalt samples involving different amount of production shingle waste (1-6% by weight of the aggregate) were evaluated. Following the determination of optimum rate of shingle waste bitumen content is reduced to decrease both hazardous effects of bitumen and production cost. Marshall Mix Design criteria was employed on determination of maximum reduction on bitumen content and the amount of shingle utilization within the asphalt pavement. As a final analysis, indirect tensile tests were performed on the specimens prepared with determined bitumen content and shingle waste. As a result, it is concluded that, utilization of waste shingles within the asphalt mixture not only benefits the environment and cost but also improves Marshall stability and Marshall quotient of the mixtures.

Stock Market Forecasting using Ensemble Learning and Statistical Indicators

2024-02-22T09:40:53+03:00

With a volume of 2 billion+ trades per day and a market capitalization of 2.56 trillion USD the national stock exchange (NSE), India is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world. Every day the value of stocks, commodities, bonds and futures fluctuate inducing volatility and forecasting these fluctuations to make money requires deep knowledge about the market and their historical data. Thus, a simple time series forecasting model is not enough to predict future movements as we need to know about the market sentiment, trend and industry fundamentals to bolster our stand of declaring a stock or commodity as bearish or bullish.

In this research, using machine learning forecasting models like Attention integrated Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Model and a Reinforcement Learning agent coupled with statistical indicators and trading strategies like Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Prophet, Momentum trading and Pairwise trading to quantify the trend and market sentiment an approach to predict movements is devised.

Engineering Graphical Captcha and AES Crypto Hash Functions for Secure Online Authentication

2024-02-22T09:40:54+03:00

Password alone is not trusted for user online authentication since mere password cannot give full surety of proper access control. The authentication of the users is one of the key areas in research and practice in the domain of e-security. The threats from hackers are also growing and therefore need for a highly efficient defense safeguard protection against hackers and unauthorized users. The different password entering techniques create problems related to usability and inherent security issues, whereas CAPTCHA techniques came into picture to boost up security via automated assistance. This CAPTCHA automated test is to be built qualified by real humans but not by a computer program. Such CAPTCHA program can be used to distinguish between humans and robots. This CAPTCHA has many applications in the online security domain which is merged with encrypted hash function as accommodating advantages of retaining the facility of the graphical password schemes. This paper proposes engineering an authentication technique using graphical CAPTCHA with an AES encrypted hash password to maintain an applicable security accessing systems. We proposed three layered security system that joins highly efficient security mechanisms to avoid users stress of entering password many times or different other hectic routines in order to save account accessing. This engineering authentication technique includes modules of CAPTCHA combined with SHA2 cryptography to efficiently improve the online security showing fast attractive remarks as compared to related systems.

A study of triangular membership function and multiple regressions to calculate MSW compost index

2024-02-22T09:40:55+03:00

The triangular membership function evaluates each element of a fuzzy set to both discrete and continuous values, and regressions analysis estimates the relationship between values. The municipal solid waste compost consists of elements with varied composition including light and heavy metal elements. For MSW compost to acts as a soil conditioner, validation of elements is obligatory. In this paper, a triangular membership function (µf) is studied and used to characterize the effect of individual elements available in the compost sample. The characterization determines the variation in the composition of critical and sensitive elements available in the compost sample and accordingly calculates its score_i. Further, a reinvestigation is done by applying multiple regression analysis, especially on heavy metals to compare its composition with light mineral nutrients and other supplementary elements in the sample. Based on one or more attribute values of elements in the MSW compost sample, the classes are defined and the outcome is predicted. A relationship R and R² is derived to determine the predicted value and defines the composition of heavy metals as attributed by another mineral nutrient. Furthermore, a correlation (Co) is derived to find the performance of the compost sample so as to decide whether both light and supplementary mineral nutrients are capable of minimizing the overall effect of heavy metals in the compost sample. A gratuity score (G_si) is added to each heavy metal respectively depending on correlation value Co(x,y) to form compost_i . The summation of score_i and compost_i forms compost usability and sustainability index (C_i), a discrete value to declare compost sample is mature to use it for agriculture and enhance crops productivity. Hence, ensures agricultural stakeholders to believe in use of MSW compost.

Index of Physical activity and Fall Efficacy scale classification through biomechanical signals and Machine Learning.

2024-02-22T09:40:56+03:00

The rapid increase of the elderly population and chronic diseases have augmented disability in today's world. This situation has led researchers and engineers to create tools and technologies that allow people with disabilities to treat or recover faster and easier. Nowadays, techniques of artificial intelligence have been applied to improve the performance of these technologies. This article shows the development of a novel classifier that utilizes Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and biomechanical signals to predict a subject's International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Falls Efficacy Scale (FES). Three ML algorithms were applied KNN, Decision tree, and SVM. Results show the accuracy of classification over 95%, 99%, and 89%, respectively, and validate the correlation between qualitative scales and biomechanical responses in balance training.

A grid search optimized extreme learning machine approach for customer churn prediction

2024-02-22T09:40:57+03:00

Customers' behaviors such as tendencies, loyalty status, satisfaction criteria show an alteration day by day due to the changing world. So, these behavior changes should be analyzed very well in every step of the decision-making process. Customer churn analysis is the determination of customers who tend to leave by analyzing the customer data with various methods before this situation occurs. Customer churn analysis is very important to take the proper steps to minimize customer losses. In this study, a new approach based Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) has been used to solve customer churn prediction problem. It is aimed to investigate the parameters of the algorithm that produce the best solution with grid search optimization. Also, a modified accuracy calculation approach has been presented. The churn data set obtained from the UCI Machine Learning Repository has been used to determine the effectiveness of the ELM. Naive Bayes (NB), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods are selected for performance comparison of the model. With a value of 93.1%, the best accuracy measure has been obtained with ELM. Due to the low number of parameters to be determined and performance evaluation measures that compete with other models’ results, it can be said that the ELM is highly effective and interesting in the solution of the problem.

Dynamic smart random preference for higher medical image confidentiality

2024-02-22T09:40:58+03:00

It is essential to secure the information to store or transfer digital files without destruction. Currently, all used e-data requests to be utilized in well-controlled, protected, and dependable style avoiding breaches and hacking. This research focuses on image security encrypting grayscale images for comfortable safe utilization. The work depends on resilience randomization and XOR operations for its image cryptography. It tests performance of several pseudo random number generators assigning the best every time running that is flexibly changing depending on e-image variations. The research implements several randomizations schemes processed as two sequenced encryption methods adopting substitution and transposition. All PRNGs are tested to encrypt grayscale images revealing attractive remarks. The paper investigation intends to recognize appropriateness and trustworthiness via secrecy testing typical notations. The work indicates this flexibility of best applicable PRNG and its change features interesting privacy intellectual image security for open research direction to benefit from.

Arabic text watermarking tuned for medical e-record semi-authentication

2024-02-22T09:40:59+03:00

With increasing current healthcare attention, medical e-records have gained vital importance. Medical practical centers such as hospitals and clinics perform common treatments to patients, consequently generating humongous health data to be recorded, needing to be trustfully shared instantaneously between intended specialists for proper diagnosis and treatment. All sensitive e-records need data privacy and authentication with very special priority and care, as can be considered via watermarking. This study focuses on Arabic text watermarking semi-verification utilizing recent counting-based secret-sharing to partially validate the ownership and correctness. The benefit of this approach is its semi-trust of e-records, as needed services provided, even if complete text medical report is a bit delayed for full verification. The exploration tested its proposed strategy on standard Arabic benchmark of 42 Nawawi Hadiths comparing with several related watermarking algorithms in terms of accuracy, capacity, security, and robustness. The research contribution provided promising remarks, which can also be useful for Urdu and Farsi texting opening doors for new semi-watermarking strategies and applications to be tuned for different other languages gaining popularity.

Ant Colony Optimization based Optimal Tuning of Fractional Order (FO) PID Controller for controlling the Speed of a DC Motor

2024-02-22T09:41:01+03:00

This paper deals with the use of a FOPID Controller for the direct current motor speed controlling process. FOPID Controller consists of fractional integral-derivative terms along with the integer-order proportional terms. It is a specific controller in which orders of derivative and integral lie in between fractions of 0 and 1. Mathematical model of DC motor and controller is presented whose field has been excited by an external source. In this paper, the simulation part of a DC motor for controlling its speed using a FOPID Controller has been performed. FOPID Controller has been found to be more flexible than the conventional PID Controller and more robust. There are five degrees of freedom in FOPID controller contrary to traditional PID controller which have only three. The values of the five parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd, λ, μ) of a FOPID Controller have been improved by reducing the ITAE (Integral Time Absolute Error) cost to best possible value using the ACO i.e. Ant Colony Optimization Technique. The closed loop ZNT (Ziegler-Nichols Tuning) method used for the tuning of DC motor. Simulink model of proposed system has been developed and simulated to find out the minimum cost. The intensification in the steady and transient behaviors of the system. The results also exhibit significant improvement in the rise time, settling time and peak overshoot as compared to the other optimization methods.

Fuzzy gain Scheduled PID Controller for Power Quality Enhancement in Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV-PEMFC Energy System

2024-02-22T09:41:02+03:00

Distributed energy sources are playing a vital role in providing solutions for long term energy needs. Power quality problems become a major concern in grid connected hybrid energy system (HES). The harmonics introduced by the distributed energy systems may lead to output voltage distortion in grid connected system. Hence, it requires an intelligent control scheme for improving the power quality. In this paper, various control schemes for grid connected Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell based HES along with its harmonic behavior are proposed. Solar PV and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell (PEMFC) are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and the responses are also analyzed. Proportional plus Integral (PI) controller, Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) controller and Fuzzy gain scheduled PID controller (Fuzzy-PID) are used for DC/AC converter control in the grid connected HES. Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) values of the proposed system witnesses that the Fuzzy-PID Controller based converter control technique proposed in this paper improves the power quality than the conventional PI and PID controller.

Enhancement of Power Quality in Power Distribution Systems Using FC-TCR Based Compensation Systems

2024-02-22T09:41:02+03:00

The development of modern electronic systems and increasing number of application areas (computers, office equipment, rectifiers, converters, speed control devices, uninterruptible power supplies, switched power supplies) has led to harmonic generation and reduced energy efficiency. The majority of loads are inductive in nature and the draw of reactive power has increased in networks and transmission lines resulting in problems with power quality. In addition to efficient power flow in transmission systems, there is also a need to compensate for the reactive power flow in order the meet the requirements of the load and system. As an alternative to traditional solutions, FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) has been developed in order to operate electrical systems efficiently and improve stability and power quality. Technological applications such as SVC, STATCOM, SSSC and active harmonic filter are becoming widespread in order to improve power quality. In this study, applications within the scope of FACTS systems are explained and analysis of a fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) to improve power factor is discussed. A circuit model of the FC-TCR is developed as a simulation and used to investigate how power factor may be kept within desired limits by adjusting the firing angle of the thyristors under different load conditions. A comparative evaluation has been carried out to determine the effect of FC-TCR by presenting results before and after the load compensation process is applied. From the simulation it is observed that reactive power compensation can be achieved even for varying linear loads.

Investigation of the effect of the gap at the zero-crossing point of PWMs creating the first level voltage in a multi-level inverter

2024-02-22T09:41:03+03:00

Using multi-level inverters in converting direct current to alternating current is one of the most demanded and used methods. It is one of the techniques that can be used to create the first level voltage ground by setting the PWM operating times at the zero point grossing from the positive and negative cycles to the gate while creating a multi-level voltage with inverters. In this case, it affects the quality of the generated voltage. Therefore, this article examines the effect of variation in operating times and frequencies of first-line PWMs on this zero-crossing point. First, the inverter structure is given. Then, transition PWM run times are tried for different first-level voltages on the loads. The results obtained show that the PWM operating times at the transition point are quite effective on the load currents and voltages.

Designing a Reactor for Use in High Voltage Power Systems and Performing Experimental and Simulation Analysis

2024-02-22T09:41:04+03:00

In recent years, electronic devices such as uninterruptible power supplies, motor drivers, alternating current (AC) voltage regulators with rectifiers, and energy supplied from the electrical network grid are widely used. These devices, which draw AC current from the electrical network, cause non-linear voltage drops in the supply line due to their structural features. In such a case, if no action is taken, other receivers receiving power from the same line will also experience power quality problems. By using suitably designed silica plate core reactors at the input of the frequency converters in the electrical distribution system, the level of harmonic currents drawn from the electrical power distribution system can be reduced to certain rates. The core material, the air-gapped nature of the reactor core, and the sizing of the reactor have a great influence on the harmonic level of the current and its ability to reduce losses in the reactor. In this study, three AC reactors with different core materials and different air gap gaps are designed for a certain voltage value. Parametric analysis of the reactors designed to see the changes in inductance values depending on the load level has been made both theoretically and experimentally and using the Finite Element Method (FEM). As a result of the analysis, the inductance stability, losses, and compliance of the reactors with the standards are presented. The reactor's magnetic circuit is modeled with ANSYS@Maxwell, realizing a solution based on FEM. The magnetic circuit is simulated to see the behavior of the reactor. In addition, real-time verification of the designed AC reactor has been made. The optimum design was obtained by using different core materials and different core air-gaped tested experimentally. The effect of the air gap distance in the core on the magnetic field and inductance value was also obtained.

Designing PID Controller Using improved Differential-Pole-clustering Approach of Model Order Reduction Techniques

2024-02-22T09:41:05+03:00

The approach towards mathematical modelling which include different physical systems, such as various tele-communications, High voltage transmission and different chemical reactors, ultimately shown different results of larger order complex mathematical models. The intricacy of those models imposes major technical hitches in investigation, computational-simulations and controller designs methods. Now, improvement of model order reduction techniques with help of different mathematical approach has been shown the development in field of order reduction of high order complex systems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to use Differential Pole Cluster Mixed Techniques to solve complex higher model to reduce its order in improvement towards various other model order reductions methodologies. Using the proposed reduced-order-technique, the higher order system PID Controller has been designed. The accuracy of the proposed reduced model has been made via comparing step responses of original and reduced order models. Here, two numerical models have been taken into consideration for validating the effectiveness of the designed controller and also the performance of the reduced technique proposed here

Analysis of the Model Designed for Magnetic Resonance Based Wireless Power Transfer Using FEM

2024-02-22T09:41:05+03:00

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) applications have been used to provide an efficient energy transfer. With the developing technology, WPT has started to be applied in many areas such as mobile phone charging, electric vehicle charging, lighting and control. The magnetic resonance method is highly preferred for WPT, especially at distances where the air gap is short, due to its features such as high efficiency and little negative impact on the environment. In WPT systems based on this method, a high-efficiency WPT transformer is used to increase system efficiency. In this study, the design and analysis of a WPT system was carried out using the magnetic resonance method. For this purpose, first of all, an original transformer was designed. The windings of the transformer are designed as litz conductors. In order to minimize the leakage fluxes that occur in the transformer, aluminum plates are used on the outer surfaces of the windings to keep the leakage magnetic flux between the windings. Magnetic analyzes of the transformer, modeled with ANSYS-Maxwell based on Finite Element Method (FEM), were carried out and the results obtained were verified with theoretical calculations. Using the results obtained from the magnetic field analysis, it has been seen that the WPT transformer performs power transfer with an efficiency of 95%. The results show that the designed transformer model can be used efficiently in WPT applications.

An Experimental Investigation on Performance, Combustion, Emission and Vibration Analysis of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rice Bran Biodiesel and n-Butanol Additive

2024-02-22T09:41:06+03:00

Substantial growth in emissions, hike in fuel prices and exhaustion of fossil fuels have given rise to the need for substitute fuels for diesel engines, which are renewable and demote the emission. Also, strict international emission standards force researchers to seek alternative fuels. Vegetable oils are promising alternative biodiesel for a diesel engine, amongst them, rice bran is underutilized, a non-edible source which doesn’t create any food security hurdle. The paper focused to investigate the performance, combustion, emission and vibration characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with rice bran biodiesel and n- butanol additive (5% constant) at CR 17.5. The engine characteristics of seven biodiesel blends (B5n5, B10n5, B15n5, B20n5, B25n5, B30n5, and B40n5) were measured at various loads under constant speed and compared with diesel fuel. The performance characteristics observed in moderate quantities as compared to diesel whereas the emissions were found reduced drastically than diesel fuel except nitric oxides (NOx) emissions. The measured engine cylinder vibration for all blends indicates similar results as diesel fuel hence leads to smooth combustion. The investigation shows that B20n5 to B30n5 blends have the potential to be used in a diesel engine without any modification.

A metallurgical investigation on a failed superheater tube used in a thermal biomass power plant

2024-02-22T09:41:06+03:00

This article described the investigation of the failed superheater tube made of SA210 Grade C used in a biomass power plant. Visual inspection, microstructural examination, chemical analysis and hardness measurement were employed to analyze the causes of the superheater tube failure. Results from the investigation showed that the major cause of this failure was mainly related to the long-term overheating, resulting in the occurrence of the excessive thermal oxidation and graphitization. The excessive thermal degradation accelerated the reduction of the wall tube and promoted the build-up of the stress acting on the tube. Graphitization degraded the microstructure of the tube, reducing the mechanical performance of the tube. The combined effects from the severe thermal oxidation and graphitization attributed to the premature failure of the tube. It is therefore advised to use the correct material, SA213 T22, in the superheat zone. Regular monitoring and inspection of the conditions of the external surface of the tube were also suggested.

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS CHARACHERISTICS OF N-PENTANOL MIXED WITH PREMUIM MOTOR SPIRIT AND CAMPHOR BLEND IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

2024-02-22T09:41:07+03:00

In this research, pentanol and camphor blended with petrol in different proportions were used on spark-ignition engines to check the performance, characteristics, and emissions of the engine. Sample P0B (gasoline fuel with 5g of camphor) shows the best physicochemical properties as compared to P0A which is petrol, having a value of 1.2 poise, 54°C, 58°C, and 1.8% for specific gravity, viscosity, flash point, fire point, and iodine value respectively. Furthermore, Sample P0A (gasoline) shows the best specific fuel consumption for the lower torque (3Nm) with a value of 19.2Kg/kWh, and sample P0B (100% of pure gasoline and 5% camphor) has the best fuel consumption for the higher torque (6Nm) with a value of 12.9Kg/Kwh. For brake thermal efficiency, sample P0B gives the best brake thermal efficiency at the two-constant torque with a value of 0.34 for torque 3Nm and 0.65 for torque 6Nm respectively. Sample P15A (85% of gasoline and 15% of pentanol) gives the best BMEP at torque 3Nm with a value of 1.97bar and sample P5C (95% of gasoline and15% of pentanol) gives the best BMEP at 6Nm with a value of 3.87 bar. Exhaust emissions were analyzed for unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon-monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The results showed that increasing the pentanol blending percentage reduces the engine emission of Hydrocarbons (HC) and Carbon monoxide (CO) emission. HC and CO emissions were found to be lowest at sample P15A (85% of gasoline and 15% of pentanol) for torque 3Nm with a value of 0.12 and at torque 6Nm, the sample with the lowest percentage was P15A with a 0.2%.

Single Slope Modification Design for Experimental Study of Solar Desalination System Performance

2024-02-22T09:41:08+03:00

Fresh water from the desalination process is expected to be commercially produced in large quantities for world consumption needs. In this paper, experimental testing is carried out to obtain the overall characteristics of the desalination device to suit the placement of the test area. The single slope passive desalination tool model with a slope of 35^o is still used as the object being tested because of its low cost and environmentally friendly use of solar energy. It is hoped that the performance improvement can be made after obtaining the characteristics of the desalination tool as a whole. It is obtained that the heat energy absorbed reaches 0.31 kWh with a solar intensity of 534.40 W/m² at the same time. The production of fresh water during the test always follows the brightness and solar intensity. Experimentally obtained the allergy from the desalination device of 0.53 kW/m² with an energy efficiency of 58.4% with the highest amount of hourly fresh water production of 2.6 kg.

Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of A356/Si3N4 Nanoparticles Stir Casting Composites

2024-02-22T09:41:08+03:00

A356 alloy based composites are extensively used in different component industries like components of automobile parts owing to pronounced strength to weight ratio. In the current paper, A356/Si₃N₄ nanocomposites are fabricated by means of stir casting by varying Si₃N₄reinforcement nanoparticles. Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) nanoparticles is intermixed to Al powder mechanically to develop their wettability among the particles of A356/Si₃N₄nanocomposites. The Si₃N₄nanoparticles is integrated by altering weight percentage. The electomechanical stirring process to produce the vortex is taken up to spread Si₃N₄nanoparticles in the liquefied matrix dispensed into a permanent mould. Morphological investigation of the composite specimen is accomplished by TEM. Based on the study, it can be acquired that the strengthening by Si₃N₄ nanoparticles promotes the strength and hardness of the fabricated nanocomposites. The physical properties such as density and porosity are also increased due to the presence of Si₃N₄nanoparticles. The TEM examination discloses the presence of Si₃N₄nanoparticles in the fabricated composites. Additionally, the current research guidance has ability to afford a monitor to the industrialized preparation of A356/Si₃N₄nanocomposites.

Improvement Incoloy Alloy 800 Weldability After 10 Years of Service through Solution Annealing and Normalizing Method

2024-02-22T09:41:09+03:00

Incoloy Alloy 800 is utilized in the Outlet manifold bottom header (OMBH) inside the primary reformer at a fertilizer plant. OMBH was serviced at high temperatures and pressures for ten years in this work. Solution annealing and normalizing method were conducted to improve weldability Incoloy alloy 800. The analysis was carried out by the series of tests, including dye penetrant testing, XRF testing, weldability testing, hardness testing, XRD testing, and metallography observation. The annealing and normalizing result show that the weldability of Incoloy Alloy 800 increased, indicating a significant reduction in cracks on the weld zone surface. Microstructure observations revealed that microcrack was not found on the weld joint surface after Solution annealing. The maximum hardness value on the fusion zone was obtained at 187 VHN on normalizing, and minimum hardness was obtained on the nontreatment sample 156.33 VHN.

A Novel Decision Support System Based on Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making for Optimizing Machining Parameters

2024-02-22T09:41:10+03:00

The aim of this study is to develop a novel decision support system, which has never been developed yet, in order to optimize machining parameters. We combine the three distinct methods: experimental design and analysis, fuzzy data envelopment analysis (DEA) and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Firstly, a full factorial experiment including four factors and three levels is carried out. We take into account cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and number of cutting tool inserts as factors. The following three outputs are selected: Material Removal Rate, Machining Time and Surface Roughness. Secondly, a total of 23 experiments are determined as efficient decision making units using fuzzy DEA with super efficiency method. Finally, a fuzzy AHP approach is conducted to rank the efficient experiments among each other. In conclusion, the results show that the Fuzzy DEA-Fuzzy AHP and the Fuzzy DEA with Super Efficiency generate clearly different rankings of experiments and Fuzzy DEA-Fuzzy AHP Approach has outperformed Fuzzy DEA with Super Efficiency Approach. The results highlight the importance of taking into account the expert opinions in the decision making processes.

Technique of precise order preference for multiple risk assessment in occupational health and safety: Industrial case study

2024-02-22T09:41:10+03:00

Risk assessment in manufacturing, construction or service systems are very important tools for ensuring occupational health and safety. Many risk assessment approaches have been proposed in the literature, each with its advantages and disadvantages. In the literature, the authors attempt to develop methods to overcome some of these disadvantages. Different risk priority orders can be obtained for the same failure types with the developed and traditional approaches, and the results may be inconsistent. Hence, different methods produce inconsistent risk ranking outcomes for the same risk assessment problem. This causes confusion for decision-makers when deciding the most-risky failure modes. In this study, the application of the Technique of Precise Order Preference (TPOP) for risk assessment in the field of occupational health and safety (OHS) is conducted to fill the gap in the literature concerning the problem in question and to solve the ranking inconsistency problem related to occupational health and safety. The results of this study show that the advantages obtained from different methods can be combined and a favorable risk priority order can be acquired for decision-makers.

New carpet pattern design with deep learning

2024-02-22T09:41:11+03:00

The fact that digitalization touches every aspect of today's world has often been realized with the ideas of the industry and projects carried out for the development of the industry. On the basis of many of the projects realized is located Artificial Intelligence technologies. While Artificial Intelligence shows its effective activities in many areas of the industry such as production, quality and planning, and it can also support designers in pre-production design. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to produce new product designs by using the image data of the most demanded products obtained from a carpet manufacturing company with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks, which is a special variant of the Generative Adversarial Networks architecture, which is one of the Artificial Intelligence-Deep Learning sub-architectures. Before performing the model training with the images obtained from the carpet manufacturer company, the image generation performances of a ready-made data set and two different Python libraries, Keras and PyTorch, were compared. As a result, it was determined that the performance of the PyTorch Python library in generating images was higher, and the model built with real images was repeated. The synthetic designs produced were presented to the carpet manufacturer, and it was aimed to bring the role of the designer to a position that guides the design models with designer's experience and knowledge in the design process, which is a complex and stochastic process before production.

bi-objective approach based on fuzzy logic for multi-period technician routing and scheduling problems

2024-02-22T09:41:11+03:00

This paper deals with a multi-period technician routing and scheduling problem. The problem carries out the tasks at various locations by being divided into teams considering differently skilled technicians. This paper provides a bi-objective mixed integer programming method to model the problem since the goals of the performed model are to optimize the travel cost while simultaneously minimizing the overtime and the waiting time. The paper introduces a fuzzy logic approach to solving the problem by offering a single Pareto solution to satisfy both objectives, rather than providing efficient solutions as in the case of classical multi-objective models. Furthermore, the problem specifies the division of the technicians of different skills into teams, assigning tasks with varying skill requirements to groups, and the routes for each team simultaneously. Finally, the paper presents the computational experiments and analyses to evaluate the efficiency of the suggested mathematical formulation and solution approach. The results demonstrate that the performed model accomplishes an acceptable satisfaction level.

A mathematical programming model with present value method for optimum design of flexible cellular manufacturing systems

2024-02-22T09:41:12+03:00

In this article, an integer mathematical programming model for the design problem of flexible cellular manufacturing systems is proposed. The objective function of the developed mathematical programming model is to minimize the total design cost, including the costs of operating parts on machines, using tools on machines, and assigning employees to cells; this model also incorporates the present value method. Thus, the operational costs that occur during a certain period are also considered. LINGO 19.0 optimization software is used for the optimum solution of the integer mathematical programming model with the present value method, whose objective function is to minimize the total design cost. In this article, the application of the model is illustrated and the related analysis is shown using a developed example problem. In addition, by ensuring the optimum design of flexible cellular manufacturing systems, the results indicating which alternative routes are used for processing parts, which machines are located in which cells, and which employees are assigned to which cells are obtained. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is presented to demonstrate the importance of alternative routes of parts.

An Application: A Multi-Mode Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas Supply Chain Management Problem

2024-02-22T09:41:12+03:00

Natural Gas (NG) and Liqueﬁed Natural Gas (LNG) are environmentally friendly and price-competitive energy resources that can be used in every part of the world. In this study, we develop a mixed-integer programming model for the NG and LNG supply chain that includes the location of liquefaction plants, regasification units, storage facilities, and distribution hubs together with the routing of the vehicles for inland distribution of LNG and cryogenic vessels for sea transportation. Unlike other models in the literature, the location of the NG and LNG facilities and routing of vehicles of different modes are optimized by considering the minimization of costs by using the – Constraint method, and different transportation modes, like sea, road, and pipeline, are used together for better effectiveness and cost reduction. The developed model is applied to Turkey to check whether the model is viable for real-world systems.

An improved EMS simulation-optimization model with Poisson mixture distribution

2024-02-22T09:41:13+03:00

A Discrete Event System (DES) simulation and optimization model is proposed for the ambulance allocation problem in an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system. The accuracy of the proposed model is enhanced by estimation of input parameters using Poisson mixture distribution and the Expectation Maximization Algorithm. The results are proven by Mann Whitney and Kolmogorov Smirnov tests. The DES model is run by OptQuest program embedded in Arena software. The response times of the cases within the urban and rural regions are improved by 40% and 45%, respectively, and the stations success rates in urban and rural areas are raised to 95% and 96%, respectively. Our results indicate that the number of ambulances and their allocations to stations in the real system needs to be reorganized to achieve the required EMS system performance standards.

Literature Review of Nanotechnology in the Enhanced Oil Recovery

2024-02-22T09:41:13+03:00

In recent studies, there has been an increasing focus on Nanoparticles Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR). Nanoparticles EOR is a method that was initially developed to improve microscopic and macroscopic displacement efficiency. In some recent applications nanoparticles have been assisted the conventional EOR methods such as a polymer, surfactant, and Co2 flooding, with the purpose of increasing oil production. Oil recovery by nanoparticles EOR has been recognized to changing properties inside the reservoir. Where, the Nanoparticles have the potential to change oil wetting phase formation, decrease the displaced viscosity, increase the displacing viscosity, etc. In this literature, the abilities to use nanoparticles in EOR are investigated. The function of different types of nanoparticles, different types of Dispersing agents, availability of nanomaterials in the lab, the effect of nanoparticles to change the reservoir, oil and water properties, and future challenges and concerns about the nanoparticles, are reviewed. However, the stability of suspensions of nanoparticles is still the most barrier to use nanoparticles in EOR. Upcoming studies are necessary to focus on the outcome of the appropriate techniques of nanoparticles to improve their stability under the worst conditions of reservoirs and investigate new types of nanoparticles.